• Al-Biruni was a scholar from Uzbekistan, who visited India in the 11th century CE. He was captured as slave by Mahmud of Ghazni and spent most of his years in city of Ghazni. He visited India in 1017 CE. • Al-Biruni’s Kitab-ul-Hind is written in Arabic and is divided into 80 chapters on subjects such as religion and philosophy, festivals, astronomy, alchemy, manners and customs, social life, weights and measures, iconography, laws and metrology.