UPSC CAPF AC 2019 Paper

Weber (1946) describes his ideal-type bureaucracy as an impersonal system operating under calculable rules staffed by full-time professionals.
Scott and Davis (2007) observe that the bureaucratic form of organization according to Weber is distinguished by the following structural and behavioral characteristics: fixed division of labor, hierarchy of offices, set of general rules that govern performance, and separation of personal from official property and rights.
For Weber, bureaucratic administration fundamentally means the exercise of domination based on knowledge. This is the trait that makes it specifically rational. Officials are appointed to an official position on the basis of qualifications and a contract. Every office and every official is a part of a hierarchy. Under this system, the lower office functions under the control of higher office.
He attaches greater importance to the principle of hierarchy in the organisation of office. Bureaucracy, according to Marx, like a state itself is an instrument by which the dominant class exercise its domination over the other social classes.