UGC NET Paper 1 GA 2018 July Solved Paper

Fly ash utilization reduces the requirement of clay, sand, lime stone in cement manufacturing and hence conserves natural resources. It reduces the cement requirement and hence carbon-dioxide liberation during cement manufacturing is reduced. It reduces the top soil requirement for land filling / brick manufacturing and saves agricultural land. It achieves increased strength of the finished concrete product without increasing the cement content.
When properly designed and constructed, the increased benefits of concrete made with 40, 50, and 60 percent fly ash replacement include dramatically reduced concrete permeability, and excellent resistance to all forms of premature deterioration.
Fly ash has great potential in agriculture due to its efficacy in modification of soil health and crop performance. The high concentration of elements (K, Na, Zn, Ca, Mg and Fe) in fly ash increases the yield of many agricultural crops. Fly ash can be used as a substitute for agricultural lime for treating acid soils.