SSC JE Civil Engineering 29-Oct-2020 Shift 1 Paper

In general, the closing error in traverse survey is given as: $\mathit{e}=\sqrt{{\left(\sum \mathrm{L}\right)}^2+{\left(\sum \mathrm{D}\right)}^2}$
Where$\sum \mathrm{L}=$ Summation of Latitudes of all lines involved in traverse or also called error in Latitude
$\sum \mathrm{D}=$ Summation of Departure of all lines involved in traverse or also called error in Departure
However, in a closed traverse in which bearings are observed, the closing error in bearing may be determined by observing the bearing of the last line and correction in bearing of last line is the closing error.