(a) : Using Gram stain, developed by Danish physician, Christian Gram in 1884, two kinds of bacteria were noted - those species of bacteria that are decolorized by alcohol are called gram negative and those that retain the stain are called gram positive. This property of bacteria is related with the structure and compositional differences between the walls of gram positive and gram negative forms. In the cell wall of Gram + ve bacteria, both horizontal and vertical peptide linkages are present, due to which mesh is dense and hence the stain does not come out. Further outer layer of cell wall of Gram +ve bacteria is made of teichoic acid. In the cell wall of Gram -ve bacteria, either horizontal or vertical peptide linkage are present, due to which mesh is loose and hence stain comes out. Further outermost layer of cell wall of Gram -ve bacteria is made of lipopolysaccharides.