KCET 2018 Biology Solved Paper

→ Human hepatitis B virus vaccine was prepared using antigen produced by recombinant technology in yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae). The highly purified antigen had the correct amino acid sequence and assumed the appropriate conformational structure to present the immunologic determinants (epitopes) that are needed to stimulate an appropriate immune response.
→ Preformed antibodies, which are derived from the blood serum of previously infected people or animals, are often administered in an antiserum to another person in order to provide immediate, passive immunization against fast-acting toxins or microbes, such as those in snakebites or tetanus infections.
→ Immunity can be naturally acquired from antibodies (IgA) transferred to a foetus across the placenta or to an infant in colostrum and breast milk.
→ Neutrophils, also known as polymorphonuclear leucocytes (PMNLs), they are phagocytic and guard blood, skin and mucus membranes against infection. They respond quickly wherever tissue injury has occurred.