GATE Civil Engineering (CE) 2017 Shift 1 Solved Paper

Consider two axially loaded columns namely 1 and 2, made of linear elastic material with Young’s modulus 2 × 10⁵ MPa, square cross section with side 10 mm and length 1 m. For column 1, one end is fixed and the other end is free. For column 2 one end is fixed and the other end is pinned. Based on the Euler’s theory the ratio (up to one decimal place) of the buckling load of column 2 to the buckling load of column 1 is ________